格林斯潘:泡沫不能沒有停止疼痛
【MarketWatch華盛頓 - 美聯儲前主席格林斯潘一直是經濟的一個學生。金融危機以來,他已經成為人性的學生。
Sitting in his office with a view of the Washington Monument in the distance, Greenspan is eager to share the insight distilled in his recent book, “The Map and the Territory,” due out in paperback this fall. Greenspan, 88, who was chairman of the U.S. central bank for more than 18 years, from 1987 to 2006, managed to steer the economy through multiple crises, mainly by slashing rates and remaining upbeat. He suffered a remarkable fall from grace after leaving office and has apologized for trusting big banks too much. He has since gone back and re-examined his views on the economy.
Greenspan, now the president of Greenspan Associates LLC, an economic consulting firm, spoke to MarketWatch about the current stance of Fed policy, the economy and what to do about asset bubbles. The economy will do all right in the near term, he said, buoyed by a strong equity market, but he added that he remains worried that we could be facing another false dawn. The interview has been edited for length and clarity.
坐在他的辦公室與華盛頓紀念碑在距離來看,格林斯潘是渴望分享他最近的一本書蒸“的地圖和領土”出平裝本,由於今年秋季的洞察力。格林斯潘88,誰是超過18歲的美國中央銀行的主席,從1987年到2006年,通過管理多重危機來駕馭經濟,主要是通過大幅削減利率和剩餘樂觀。他遭受了顯著的失寵卸任後並道歉信任大銀行太多了。從那時起,他走了回來,重新審視自己對經濟的看法。
格林斯潘,格林斯潘Associates LLC公司,經濟諮詢公司現在的總裁,採訪了有關市場觀察美聯儲的政策,經濟,怎樣解決資產泡沫的當前立場。經濟將盡一切就在近期,他說,一個強大的資本市場提振,但他補充說,他仍然擔心,我們可能面臨另一種虛假的黎明。採訪中被編輯的長度和清晰度。
MarketWatch: What is the biggest challenge facing the Fed?
Greenspan: How to unwind the huge increase in the size of its balance sheet with minimal impact. It is not going to be easy, and it is not obvious exactly how to do it.
MarketWatch: As the Fed is looking at the exit, do you think we can get through this without upsetting the economy?
Greenspan: I certainly hope so. I certainly think they will. But it is going to be difficult.
MarketWatch: Do you expect a sharp market reaction to the first hike?
Greenspan: Of course. Look what happened when the first indication of tapering occurred. Markets have always been sensitive. They reflect animal spirits.
MarketWatch: Will the Fed’s communication to markets be key here?
Greenspan: I am not sure. One area I was always doubtful about during my tenure is how much we could effectively communicate to markets, because they were always second guessing the Fed. It was a battle, and I am not sure we always won.
MarketWatch: The Fed has been talking recently about stock-market valuations — do you think that’s wise?
Greenspan: You
can’t get around the fact that asset values have a major impact on
economic activity, and no central bank can be oblivious to what is
happening, not only in credit markets, which is, of course, the Fed’s
fundamental mandate, but in asset markets, as well. As a central banker,
in addition to evaluating stock prices, you have to cover
commercial-real-estate markets, commodity markets and the price of
owner-occupied homes, as well. Without asset-market surveillance, you do
not have an integrated view of how the economy works. How to respond to
asset-price change is a legitimate issue. But not to monitor it, I
think, is clearly a mistake.
市場觀察:什麼是面對美聯儲的最大挑戰是什麼?
格林斯潘:如何在放鬆身心的影響最小的資產負債表規模大幅增加。這不是一件容易的事,它是不是很明顯究竟是如何做到這一點。
市場觀察:由於美聯儲正在考慮退出,你認為我們可以通過這個得到不會擾亂經濟?
格林斯潘:我當然希望如此。當然,我想他們會的。但它會是困難的。
市場觀察:你期待一個敏銳的市場反應來首次加息?
當然:格林斯潘。看看漸細的發生的第一個徵兆,當發生了什麼事。市場一直都是敏感的。它們反映了動物精神。
市場觀察:請問美聯儲的通信市場是關鍵嗎?
格林斯潘:我不知道。一個領域,我總是懷疑我的任職期間是多少,我們可以有效地傳達給市場,因為他們總是第二個猜測美聯儲。這是一場戰鬥,我不知道,我們總是贏。
市場觀察:美聯儲最近已經在談論股市的估值 - 你認為這是明智的?
格林斯潘:你不能迴避的事實是資產價值,對經濟活動產生重大影響,並沒有央行可以無視正在發生的事情,不僅在信貸市場,這當然是,美聯儲的基本使命,但在資產市場,以及。作為央行行長,除了評估股價,你必須支付商業房地產市場,商品市場和自住房屋的價格,以及。如果沒有資產市場監管,你不具備經濟如何運作的集成視圖。如何為資產價格的變化做出反應是一個合法的問題。但不能對其進行監視,我認為,顯然是錯誤的。
MarketWatch: What was your reaction to Fed Chairwoman Yellen’s speech at the IMF, where she said the central bank would use regulation first if there were concerns about asset prices?
Greenspan: There is a fundamental distinction. I happen to agree that bubbles are primarily an issue to be addressed by regulation.
The
Fed tried in 1994 to defuse a bubble with monetary policy alone. We
called it a boom back then. The terminology has changed, but the
phenomenon is the same. We increased the federal funds rate by 300 basis
points, and we did indeed stop the nascent stock-market bubble
expansion in its tracks. But after we stopped patting ourselves on the
back for creating a successful soft landing, it became clear that we
hadn’t snuffed the bubble out at all. I have always assumed that the
ability of the economy to withstand the 300-basis-point tightening
revised the market’s view of the sustainability of the boom and
increased the equilibrium level of the Dow Jones Industrial Average. The
dot-com boom resumed.
When
bubbles emerge, they take on a life of their own. It is very difficult
to stop them, short of a debilitating crunch in the marketplace. The
Volcker Fed confronted and defused the huge inflation surge of 1979 but
had to confront a sharp economic contraction. Short of that, bubbles
have to run their course. Bubbles are functions of unchangeable human
nature. The obvious question is how to manage them.
All
bubbles expand, and they all collapse. But how they are financed is
critical. The dot-com boom [of 1994 to 2000] produced a huge financial
collapse with almost no evidence of economic impact. You will be hard
pressed to see it in the GDP figures of the early 2000s. Similarly, on
Oct. 19, 1987, the Dow Jones Industrial Average fell 23% — an all-time
one-day record, then and since. Goldman was contemplating withholding a
$700 million payment to Continental Illinois Bank in Chicago scheduled
for the Wednesday morning following the crash. In retrospect, had they
withheld that payment, the crisis would have been far more disabling.
Few remember that crisis because nothing happened as a consequence. But
it was the scariest experience I had during my 18 years at the Fed.
In
both cases, equity values collapsed, with wrenching losses to the
holders of stock, primarily pension and mutual funds and households,
none of which were sufficiently debt-leveraged to induce contagious
defaults.
It
turns out the reason why the more recent housing bubble was so
dramatically different was that its toxic assets, subprime mortgages,
were out there exposed with very little equity buffer. In a collapse in
stock prices with no debt, unleveraged holders get the full impact of
the equity loss, but there is no serial contagion. That was not the case
in the housing bubble or the highly leveraged stock market of 1929.
So
it is not the toxic assets — stocks or subprime mortgages — that
matter, but the degree of leverage taken on by the institution that is
handling it. Contingent convertible debentures can importantly reduce
the risk of serial debt contagion. The debenture debt can be converted
to new equity as the overall equity buffer shrinks.
市場觀察:什麼是你的反應美聯儲耶倫董事長的講話在IMF,她表示,央行將使用監管第一,如果有對資產價格的擔憂?
格林斯潘:有一個根本的區別。我碰巧認為,泡沫主要問題通過監管來解決。
美聯儲試圖在1994年以化解與單純的貨幣政策泡沫。我們把它叫做熱潮當時的情況。該術語已經改變,但這種現象是相同的。我們以300個基點增加聯邦基金利率,而我們確實停止新生股市泡沫擴張的軌道。但是,當我們停在後面創建成功軟著陸拍著自己,很顯然,我們沒有扼殺了泡出來的。我一直認為經濟能夠承受300個基點的緊縮政策的能力,修訂了繁榮的可持續發展的市場的看法,並增加了道瓊斯工業平均指數的均衡水平。在dot-com熱潮恢復。
當氣泡冒出,他們採取對自己的生活。這是很難阻止他們,總之在市場上衰弱的緊縮。沃爾克美聯儲面對和化解了1979年的巨大通脹飆升,但不得不面對經濟急劇收縮。簡短的說,泡得自生自滅。泡沫是不變的人性化功能。一個顯而易見的問題是如何管理它們。
所有泡沫膨脹,他們都崩潰。但是,它們是如何融資是關鍵。 [1994〜2000年]在dot-com熱潮產生了巨大的金融崩潰,幾乎沒有證據表明經濟的影響。你將很難看到它在21世紀初的國內生產總值數據。同樣,在1987年10月19日,道瓊斯工業平均指數下跌了23% - 全時單日記錄,然後和自。高盛正在考慮扣留7億美元支付給美國大陸伊利諾伊銀行在芝加哥定於週三上午墜毀以下。現在回想起來,有他們扣留付款,危機就已經遠遠禁用。少數人記得那場危機,因為什麼都沒有發生的後果。但它是最可怕的經歷在我18年的美聯儲我。
在這兩種情況下,資產價值崩潰,痛苦與損失的股票持有人,主要是養老基金和共同基金和家庭,其中沒有一個是充分的債務槓桿誘發傳染性的默認值。
事實證明為什麼最近的房地產泡沫是如此截然不同的原因是,它的有毒資產,次級抵押貸款,是在那裡接觸很少的股權緩衝區。在股票價格崩潰,沒有負債,非槓桿享權益損失的全面影響,但目前還沒有串行蔓延。這是不是在房地產泡沫或高槓桿股市1929年的情況。
所以它不是有毒資產 - 股票或次級抵押貸款 - 這件事,但槓桿由被處理得該機構採取的程度。或有可轉換債券可減少重要的系列債務危機蔓延的風險。該債券債券可轉換為新股的整體股權緩衝收縮。
格林斯潘:有一個根本的區別。我碰巧認為,泡沫主要問題通過監管來解決。
美聯儲試圖在1994年以化解與單純的貨幣政策泡沫。我們把它叫做熱潮當時的情況。該術語已經改變,但這種現象是相同的。我們以300個基點增加聯邦基金利率,而我們確實停止新生股市泡沫擴張的軌道。但是,當我們停在後面創建成功軟著陸拍著自己,很顯然,我們沒有扼殺了泡出來的。我一直認為經濟能夠承受300個基點的緊縮政策的能力,修訂了繁榮的可持續發展的市場的看法,並增加了道瓊斯工業平均指數的均衡水平。在dot-com熱潮恢復。
當氣泡冒出,他們採取對自己的生活。這是很難阻止他們,總之在市場上衰弱的緊縮。沃爾克美聯儲面對和化解了1979年的巨大通脹飆升,但不得不面對經濟急劇收縮。簡短的說,泡得自生自滅。泡沫是不變的人性化功能。一個顯而易見的問題是如何管理它們。
所有泡沫膨脹,他們都崩潰。但是,它們是如何融資是關鍵。 [1994〜2000年]在dot-com熱潮產生了巨大的金融崩潰,幾乎沒有證據表明經濟的影響。你將很難看到它在21世紀初的國內生產總值數據。同樣,在1987年10月19日,道瓊斯工業平均指數下跌了23% - 全時單日記錄,然後和自。高盛正在考慮扣留7億美元支付給美國大陸伊利諾伊銀行在芝加哥定於週三上午墜毀以下。現在回想起來,有他們扣留付款,危機就已經遠遠禁用。少數人記得那場危機,因為什麼都沒有發生的後果。但它是最可怕的經歷在我18年的美聯儲我。
在這兩種情況下,資產價值崩潰,痛苦與損失的股票持有人,主要是養老基金和共同基金和家庭,其中沒有一個是充分的債務槓桿誘發傳染性的默認值。
事實證明為什麼最近的房地產泡沫是如此截然不同的原因是,它的有毒資產,次級抵押貸款,是在那裡接觸很少的股權緩衝區。在股票價格崩潰,沒有負債,非槓桿享權益損失的全面影響,但目前還沒有串行蔓延。這是不是在房地產泡沫或高槓桿股市1929年的情況。
所以它不是有毒資產 - 股票或次級抵押貸款 - 這件事,但槓桿由被處理得該機構採取的程度。或有可轉換債券可減少重要的系列債務危機蔓延的風險。該債券債券可轉換為新股的整體股權緩衝收縮。
Greenspan: Well,
I agree with that. I have come to the conclusion that bubbles, as I
noted, are a function of human nature. We don’t have enough
observations, but my tentative hypothesis to what we’re dealing with is
that both a necessary and sufficient condition for the emergence of a
bubble is a protracted period of stable economic activity at low
inflation. So it is a very difficult policy problem. I do believe that
central banks that believe they can quell bubbles are living in a state
of unrealism.
Greenspan: That’s
a legitimate concern. The question is why. If you trace the history of
the average maturity of the components of GDP, what you find is that all
of the shortfall of economic activity following 2008 is in very
long-lived assets, fundamentally structures. Every single one of the 10
major postwar recoveries was heavily driven by a faster-than-GDP growth
in structures — except this one. What went wrong? Business and household
fear gripped the markets in ways not seen since before World War II.
The share of nonfinancial corporate liquid cash flow that corporate
management chooses to invest in illiquid long-term assets fell to the
lowest peacetime level since 1938. Householders engaged in a massive
shift from long-term homeownership to rentals.
Fear
has diminished somewhat, but the shortfall in GDP from its potential is
still predominately in these very long-lived assets that are discounted
heavily. There is definite evidence the economy is picking up. The
financial system is finally beginning to lend. But, what we don’t know
is whether, when the recovery gets underway, it is going to run into
another false dawn.
Gross
domestic savings and capital investment as a share of GDP have declined
significantly in recent years. It is the cause of the slowdown in
productivity growth and standards of living. At root, the problem is
government deficits suppressing the national savings rate. Until we come
to grips with that, it is going to be difficult to get the economy
moving in a sustainable way.
市場觀察:什麼是你的反應美聯儲耶倫董事長的講話在IMF,她表示,央行將使用監管第一,如果有對資產價格的擔憂?
格林斯潘:有一個根本的區別。我碰巧認為,泡沫主要問題通過監管來解決。
美聯儲試圖在1994年以化解與單純的貨幣政策泡沫。我們把它叫做熱潮當時的情況。該術語已經改變,但這種現象是相同的。我們以300個基點增加聯邦基金利率,而我們確實停止新生股市泡沫擴張的軌道。但是,當我們停下拍市場觀察:一些經濟學家認為,經濟剛剛泡泡後,我們注定要重複這個循環。
格林斯潘:好吧,我同意這一點。我來了氣泡的結論,正如我所指出的,是人性化的功能。我們沒有足夠的觀測,但我試探性的假設,以我們正在處理的是,這兩個充分必要條件,泡沫的出現是穩定經濟活動的低通貨膨脹一場曠日持久的時期。所以這是一個非常困難的政策問題。我相信央行在相信自己可以平息氣泡生活在非現實的狀態。
市場觀察:嗯,我從閱讀的經濟學家的意見反映擔心泡沫是一個標誌沒有足夠的生產性投資,如工廠,在經濟。
格林斯潘:這是一個合理的擔憂。問題是為什麼。如果您跟踪國內生產總值的組成部分的平均到期日的歷史,你會發現什麼是所有經濟活動的2008以下的短缺是非常長期資產,從根本結構。十大戰後復甦的每一一個沉重推動快於GDP的增長結構 - 除了這一個。出了什麼問題?企業和家庭的恐懼籠罩著市場,自二戰以來前所未見的方式。非金融企業流動性的現金流量中所佔的份額,企業管理選擇投資於流動性差的長期資產最低下跌到平時水平,因為從事了大規模的轉變,從長遠的住房擁有至1938年租金住戶。
恐懼已經有所減弱,但是從它的潛在GDP缺口仍主要在這些被大幅打折很長期資產。有明確的證據顯示經濟正在復甦。金融系統終於開始放貸。但是,我們不知道的是是否,何時恢復開杆,它將會運行到另一個虛假的黎明。
國內總儲蓄和投資佔GDP的比重在最近幾年顯著下降。它是放緩生產率增長和生活水平的原因。從根本上,問題是政府赤字抑制了國民儲蓄率。直到我們來正視的是,它將會是很難以一種可持續的方式對經濟活動。
格林斯潘:有一個根本的區別。我碰巧認為,泡沫主要問題通過監管來解決。
美聯儲試圖在1994年以化解與單純的貨幣政策泡沫。我們把它叫做熱潮當時的情況。該術語已經改變,但這種現象是相同的。我們以300個基點增加聯邦基金利率,而我們確實停止新生股市泡沫擴張的軌道。但是,當我們停下拍市場觀察:一些經濟學家認為,經濟剛剛泡泡後,我們注定要重複這個循環。
格林斯潘:好吧,我同意這一點。我來了氣泡的結論,正如我所指出的,是人性化的功能。我們沒有足夠的觀測,但我試探性的假設,以我們正在處理的是,這兩個充分必要條件,泡沫的出現是穩定經濟活動的低通貨膨脹一場曠日持久的時期。所以這是一個非常困難的政策問題。我相信央行在相信自己可以平息氣泡生活在非現實的狀態。
市場觀察:嗯,我從閱讀的經濟學家的意見反映擔心泡沫是一個標誌沒有足夠的生產性投資,如工廠,在經濟。
格林斯潘:這是一個合理的擔憂。問題是為什麼。如果您跟踪國內生產總值的組成部分的平均到期日的歷史,你會發現什麼是所有經濟活動的2008以下的短缺是非常長期資產,從根本結構。十大戰後復甦的每一一個沉重推動快於GDP的增長結構 - 除了這一個。出了什麼問題?企業和家庭的恐懼籠罩著市場,自二戰以來前所未見的方式。非金融企業流動性的現金流量中所佔的份額,企業管理選擇投資於流動性差的長期資產最低下跌到平時水平,因為從事了大規模的轉變,從長遠的住房擁有至1938年租金住戶。
恐懼已經有所減弱,但是從它的潛在GDP缺口仍主要在這些被大幅打折很長期資產。有明確的證據顯示經濟正在復甦。金融系統終於開始放貸。但是,我們不知道的是是否,何時恢復開杆,它將會運行到另一個虛假的黎明。
國內總儲蓄和投資佔GDP的比重在最近幾年顯著下降。它是放緩生產率增長和生活水平的原因。從根本上,問題是政府赤字抑制了國民儲蓄率。直到我們來正視的是,它將會是很難以一種可持續的方式對經濟活動。
沒有留言:
張貼留言